2007).Īflatoxins are highly regulated in human and animal food in more than 100 countries throughout the world (Wu 2015). Toxic effects include: liver degeneration and necrosis, myocardial lesions, decreased weight gain, vomiting, kidney lesions, pancreas, spleen and several neurotoxic symptoms (Kuilman-Wahls et al. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indole-tetramic acid toxic to a variety of animals and has also been implicated in human poisoning (Luk et al. For example in milk, other bio-transformed aflatoxins may occur, such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) (Cole and Cox 1981). Four compounds are commonly produced in foods, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). They are carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive and genotoxic compounds that have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group 1 carcinogens (IARC 2012). 2019).Īflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by several species of Aspergillus section Flavi that frequently contaminate important staples such as maize, peanuts and nuts (Sweeney and Dobson 1998). In addition, there may be a decrease in livestock performance (Ferrero et al. Also, contaminated loads lower the prices and there may be potential lawsuits from consumers. Due to contamination the costs of food production increase because of testing needs. Grains stored under silo conditions are vulnerable to contamination by spoilage moulds and mycotoxins because they are excellent substrates for fungal growth, thus representing an important problem for human and animal health (Driehuis 2013). Silage is a forage preservation method that allows its storage during long periods of time maintaining its nutritional value comparable to fresh pastures. Since 2015 in Uruguay sorghum has also been used to produce bioethanol as well as its sub-product, dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS), is used for animal feeding (Methol 2018). In Uruguay, even though pastures constitute the major source for dairy cattle feeding, sorghum silage is also used in a ratio of 125 grams per litre of milk produced (DIEA 2013). Sorghum grains are used as raw material for poultry, swine and bovine feeds, but are also destined for human use in different parts of the world (Oniang’o et al. Although it is one of the most important cultivated cereals in Uruguay for human consumption, when harvest yield is low it is also usual to be ensiled for animal feeding (OPYPA 2018). Wheat is one of the most widely grown crops in the world and is extensively used for human consumption due to its high nutritional value (Hawkesford et al. This work contributes to the knowledge of the species in crops and helps define appropriate strategies for the prevention and control of contamination with AFs and CPA by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. Among the Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from sorghum, 25% were AFs producers while 22.5% were CPA producers. Within the isolates from wheat samples, 35% were AFs producers and 27.5% were CPA producers. Of the 80 isolates Aspergillus section Flavi, 30% produced aflatoxins (AFs), mainly type B1, and 25% produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This is the first report on the presence of A. Strains from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were found based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and diversity of the species of Aspergillus section Flavi found in wheat and sorghum at harvest time and during silage storage, and to evaluate the toxigenic potential of the isolates to determine the contamination risk of mycotoxins in grains. Species belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi occur naturally in crops and can cause food spoilage and/or toxin production.
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